Introduction to Exceptions Exceptions are events that occur during the execution of a program that disrupt the normal flow of control. In Python, exceptions are represented by objects and provide a structured way to handle errors. Types of Exceptions Python has several built-in exception types. Here are some of the most common: Exception: The base […]
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Deleting Files with os.remove() The os module provides the os.remove() function to delete a file. Basic Example import os # Specify the path to the file to delete file_path = ‘example.txt’ try: os.remove(file_path) print(f”The file {file_path} was successfully deleted.”) except FileNotFoundError: print(f”The file {file_path} was not found.”) except PermissionError: print(f”You do
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Writing to a file File Modes for Writing When writing to a file, you need to open it in a mode that allows writing. The main modes for writing are: ‘w’ (Write): Opens a file for writing. If the file already exists, its contents are truncated (erased). If the file does not exist, it will
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Reading files Introduction to Reading Files When you open a file in Python in read mode (‘r’), you can use several methods to read its contents. Files can be read all at once or line by line, depending on your needs. Reading Methods Reading the Entire File with open(‘example.txt’, ‘r’) as file: content =
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Opening a file When opening a file, you need to specify its path. This path can be: Absolute Path: Specifies the full path to the file. For example, ‘/home/user/documents/example.txt’ on Unix or ‘C:\\Users\\User\\Documents\\example.txt’ on Windows. Relative Path: Specifies the path relative to the current working directory. For example, ‘example.txt’ if the file is in the
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Inheritance Polymorphism Definition Inheritance polymorphism refers to the ability of a subclass to provide a specific implementation of methods that are defined in its superclass. This allows you to treat objects of different subclasses uniformly, even though their underlying implementations of methods might differ. Purpose The main goal of inheritance polymorphism is to enable code
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Class Polymorphism Definition Class polymorphism refers to the ability of a method to have the same name but behave differently depending on the class of the object that invokes it. In other words, the same method name can perform different tasks depending on which class’s instance it is called on. Purpose The primary purpose of
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Defining Methods in a Parent Class First, let’s start with a parent class that has some methods. Example: class Animal: def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age def speak(self): return “Animal sound” def age_in_human_years(self): return self.age * 7 The Animal class has a method speak()
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Properties in Python Introduction to Properties in Python In Python, properties are attributes of a class that are accessed via methods but behave like regular attributes. Properties are usually defined using the @property, @setter, and @deleter decorators. Adding Properties to a Child Class Define a Property in a Parent Class First, let’s define a parent
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The super() Method in Python The super() function is used to call methods from a parent class within a child class. It is particularly useful in cases where you want to extend or modify the behavior of methods inherited from a parent class, while still ensuring that the original functionality is preserved. How super() Works
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